These notes are partially based on research that was supported by NSF Grant EIA-0113539 ITR/SY+PE: "Improving the
Education of Software Testers." Any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are
those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Kaner & Bach grant permission to make digital or hard copies of this work for personal or classroom use, including use in
commercial courses, provided that (a) Copies are not made or distributed outside of classroom use for profit or commercial
advantage, (b) Copies bear this notice and full citation on the front page, and if you distribute the work in portions, the notice
and citation must appear on the first page of each portion. Abstracting with credit is permitted. The proper citation for this
work is ”Exploratory & Risk-Based Testing (2004) www.testingeducation.org", (c) Each page that you use from this work
must bear the notice "Copyright (c) Cem Kaner and James Bach", or if you modify the page, "Modified slide, originally from
Cem Kaner and James Bach", and (d) If a substantial portion of a course that you teach is derived from these notes,
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